Monophony is the simplest of textures, only containing a melody. This is typically performed by a solo vocalist or instrumentalist capable of one note at a time (flute, trumpet, etc.). Examples of monophonic music include plainchant and Otto Ketting’s Intrada for unaccompanied trumpet.

Polyphony, also known as counterpoint or contrapuntal music, is a musical texture consisting of two or more lines of independent melody. It is often associated with Renaissance or Baroque Counterpoint, such as fugue.

Homophony is the most common musical texture, seen often in classical music, secular music, and jazz. Homophony has a single melody with more than one layer of harmony playing in the background.

In homorhythmic music, all parts have the same rhythm in a blocked chordal texture. The introduction to Sousa’s Washington Post features a homorhythmic texture.

Heterophonic Music occurs when different versions of a melody play simultaneously. If you played a melody with a simultaneously transposed version of itself, that would be heterophony, provided the transposed melody retained its integrity.